Foundations of Individual Behavior
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41. Social learning theory is an extension of _____.
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- shaping
- Pavlovian theory
- continuous reinforcement principles
(b; Challenging; p. 56)
42. Isadora observes that when her brother Mikey crosses the street without looking he is punished by their parents. Based on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle?
a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. shaping
d. extinction
e. social learning theory
(e; Challenging; p. 56)
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43. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in the following situation?
a. an employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she will receive extra pay.
b. a man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher.
c. a child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his good manners.
d. a man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers.
e. a postal worker's pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before.
(b; Challenging; p. 58)
44. A manager in a workshop that reconditions used air conditioners finds that employees are avoiding cleaning the air conditioners properly, since this is a dirty and difficult task. The manager decides to alter this behavior by docking the pay of employees who do not clean the air conditioners properly. Which of the following isnot a probable outcome of attempting to change the behavior by using punishment rather than by using positive reinforcement?
a. The employees will probably stop cleaning the air conditioners properly soon after they are not punished for it.
b. Positively reinforcing the correct behavior will eliminate the undesired behavior more quickly than
negative reinforcement
c. The punished employees will have lowered morale.
d. The punished employees will resent their manager.
e. The punished employees will start to clean the air conditioners properly.
(b; Moderate; p. 58)
45. Using operant conditioning, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior?
a. negative reinforcement
b. punishment
c. counseling
d. positive reinforcement
e. shaping
(c; Easy; p. 58)
46. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes?
a. attentional processes
b. retention processes
c. motor reproduction processes
d. reinforcement processes
e. consequential processes
(e; Moderate; p. 58)
47. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual remembers a model's action after it is no longer readily available?
- Attitudinal
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Reinforcement
- Attention
(b; Easy; p. 57)
48. What do we call the practice of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior ?
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. classical conditioning
d. social learning
e. aping
(b; Moderate; p. 57)
49. You want to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the first day he produces 5 units and you give him a reward. On the second day he produces 5 units and you don't give him a reward. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral change are you using?
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. classical conditioning
d. social learning
e. ego impairment
(b; Challenging; p. 57)
50. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior?
a. positive reinforcement
b. diminishment
c. reaction
d. manipulation
e. unionization
(a; Easy; p. 57)
51. What is it called when a desired response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant?
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive reinforcement
c. manipulation
d. elimination
e. psychic withdrawal
(a; Moderate; p. 57)
52. Suspending an employee for dishonest behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior?
a. extinction
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. poor planning
e. reaction
(c; Moderate; p. 57)
53. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior?
a. a teacher does not respond to any student who speaks before being called upon
b. a workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use
c. a manager docks the pay of all workers who arrive late
d. a cat owner sprays his cat with water every time it tries to sit on the couch
e. a soccer coach rewards his players with praise and small rewards if they prevent the other team from scoring
(a; Moderate; p. 57)
54. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true?
a. They both result in learning.
b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition.
c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency.
d. They are effective shaping tools.
e. They are often used in learning.
(c; Challenging; p. 57)
55. An employee is frequently late for work. Every time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using?
a. continuous schedule
b. negative
c. intermittent schedule
d. repetitious
e. repetitious negative
(a; Moderate; p. 57)
56. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction?
a. continuous
b. fixed interval
c. variable interval
d. fixed ratio
e. negative
(c; Moderate; p. 59-60)
57. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses?
- variable-ratio
- fixed-ratio
- variable-interval
- fixed-interval
- viable
(b; Moderate; p. 60)
58. In general, _____ reinforcement schedules tend to lead to higher performance than _____ reinforcement schedules.
a. variable; fixed
b. fixed; intermittent
c. fixed; variable
d. variable; ratio
e. fixed; static
(a; Moderate; p. 60)
59. The corporate audit staff makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the records to see that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the following?
a. positive reinforcement
b. variable-interval reinforcement schedule
c. continuous reinforcement schedule
d. fixed reinforcement schedule
e. static response method
(b; Moderate; p. 60)
60. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____.
a. classical conditioning
b. self-management
c. reengineering
d. OB Mod
e. social modeling
(d; Moderate; p. 62)
61. Which of the following is one of the steps of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program?
- identifying critical behaviors
- reinforcing behavior
- developing horizontally arrayed data
- developing vertically arrayed data
- identifying member barriers
(a; Moderate; p. 62)
62. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his staff towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales staff needs to use in order to increase their friendliness towards customers. What is the next step that the manager should take?
a. determine why employees are not friendly towards customers
b. develop a strategy for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers
c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers
d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the present time
e. establish what is needed to motivate employee friendliness towards customers
(d; Moderate; p. 62)
63. Which of the following is not a means of achieving high levels of ability-job fit?
a. an effective job selection process
b. promotion and transfer decisions that reflect the abilities of candidates
c. fine tuning the job to better fit the incumbent's abilities
d. designing self-analysis tools for high level managers
e. being sensitive to employee needs
(d; Moderate, p. 64)
64. Who said "Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want"?
a. B.F. Skinner
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. Sigmund Freud
d. James Emery
e. Ben Franklin
(a; Moderate; p. 65)
